Multitenant : Startup and Shutdown Container Databases (CDB) and Pluggable Databases (PDB) in Oracle Database 12c Release 1 (12.1)

Container Database (CDB)
Pluggable Database (PDB)
SQL*Plus Command
ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE
Pluggable Database (PDB) Automatic Startup
Preserve PDB Startup State (12.1.0.2 onward)



Container Database (CDB)

Startup and shutdown of the container database is the same as it has always been for regular instances. The SQL*Plus STARTUP and SHUTDOWN commands are available when connected to the CDB as a privileged user. Some typical values are shown below.

STARTUP [NOMOUNT | MOUNT | RESTRICT | UPGRADE | FORCE | READ ONLY]
SHUTDOWN [IMMEDIATE | ABORT]


Pluggable Database (PDB)

Pluggable databases can be started and stopped using SQL*Plus commands or the ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE command.

SQL*Plus Commands

The following SQL*Plus commands are available to start and stop a pluggable database, when connected to that pluggable database as a privileged user.
STARTUP FORCE;
STARTUP OPEN READ WRITE [RESTRICT];
STARTUP OPEN READ ONLY [RESTRICT];
STARTUP UPGRADE;
SHUTDOWN [IMMEDIATE];


Some examples are shown below.

STARTUP FORCE;
SHUTDOWN IMMEDIATE;

STARTUP OPEN READ WRITE RESTRICT;
SHUTDOWN;

STARTUP;
SHUTDOWN IMMEDIATE;


Pluggable Database (PDB)

ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE

The ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE command can be used from the CDB or the PDB.

The following commands are available to open and close the current PDB when connected to the PDB as a privileged user.

ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE OPEN READ WRITE [RESTRICTED] [FORCE];
ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE OPEN READ ONLY [RESTRICTED] [FORCE];
ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE OPEN UPGRADE [RESTRICTED];
ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE CLOSE [IMMEDIATE];


Some examples are shown below.

ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE OPEN READ ONLY FORCE;
ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE CLOSE IMMEDIATE;

ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE OPEN READ WRITE;
ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE CLOSE IMMEDIATE;



Some examples are shown below.

ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE OPEN READ ONLY FORCE;
ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE CLOSE IMMEDIATE;

ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE OPEN READ WRITE;
ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE CLOSE IMMEDIATE;

Some examples are shown below.

ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE OPEN READ ONLY FORCE;
ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE CLOSE IMMEDIATE;

ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE OPEN READ WRITE;
ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE CLOSE IMMEDIATE;

Some examples are shown below.

ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE pdb1, pdb2 OPEN READ ONLY FORCE;
ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE pdb1, pdb2 CLOSE IMMEDIATE;

ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE ALL OPEN;
ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE ALL CLOSE IMMEDIATE;

ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE ALL EXCEPT pdb1 OPEN;
ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE ALL EXCEPT pdb1 CLOSE IMMEDIATE;
==================================================================

Preserve PDB Startup State (12.1.0.2 onward)

SELECT name, open_mode FROM v$pdbs;

NAME                           OPEN_MODE
------------------------------ ----------
PDB$SEED                       READ ONLY
PDB1                           READ WRITE
PDB2                           READ WRITE

SQL>


SHUTDOWN IMMEDIATE;
STARTUP;


SELECT name, open_mode FROM v$pdbs;

NAME                           OPEN_MODE
------------------------------ ----------
PDB$SEED                       READ ONLY
PDB1                           MOUNTED
PDB2                           MOUNTED

SQL>



Next, we open both pluggable databases, but only save the state of PDB1.

ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE pdb1 OPEN;
ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE pdb2 OPEN;
ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE pdb1 SAVE STATE;


COLUMN con_name FORMAT A20
COLUMN instance_name FORMAT A20

SELECT con_name, instance_name, state FROM dba_pdb_saved_states;

CON_NAME             INSTANCE_NAME        STATE
-------------------- -------------------- --------------
PDB1                                 cdb1                 OPEN

SQL>


Restarting the CDB now gives us a different result.

SELECT name, open_mode FROM v$pdbs;

NAME                           OPEN_MODE
------------------------------ ----------
PDB$SEED                       READ ONLY
PDB1                           READ WRITE
PDB2                           READ WRITE

SHUTDOWN IMMEDIATE;
STARTUP;


SELECT name, open_mode FROM v$pdbs;

NAME                           OPEN_MODE
------------------------------ ----------
PDB$SEED                       READ ONLY
PDB1                           READ WRITE
PDB2                           MOUNTED


The saved state can be discarded using the following statement.

ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE pdb1 DISCARD STATE;

COLUMN con_name FORMAT A20
COLUMN instance_name FORMAT A20

SELECT con_name, instance_name, state FROM dba_pdb_saved_states;

no rows selected

SQL>

===================================================================================================

Pluggable Database (PDB) Automatic Startup

The 12.1.0.2 patchset has introduced the ability to preserve the startup state of PDBs, so you probably shouldn't be implementing a trigger in the manner discussed in this section.

Prior to 12.1.0.2, when the CDB is started, all PDBs remain in mounted mode. There is no default mechanism to automatically start them when the CDB is started. The way to achieve this is to use a system trigger on the CDB to start some or all of the PDBs.

CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER open_pdbs
  AFTER STARTUP ON DATABASE
BEGIN
   EXECUTE IMMEDIATE 'ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE ALL OPEN';
END open_pdbs;
/

================================================================================================================